1. NADH reduction of ketone:

    NADH attacks carbonyl groups nucleophilically, reducing them.

  2. Substitution products
    • Phenol + nitronium cation (excess) → 2,4,6-trinitrophenol - OH group activates ortho/para.
    • Benzene + nitronium cation (excess) → 1,2-dinitrobenzene - NO2 group of first nitration product (nitrobenzene) directs meta.
  3. L-alanine will be a substrate of amino acid racemase, and will be converted back to D-alanine. The equilibrium position will lie at a 50:50 racemic mixture, and the enzyme will run an optically active mixture towards equilibrium from either direction.
  4. Diisopropylphosphofluoridate will irreversibly react with acetylcholine esterase in a similar way to Sarin.

    Diisopropylphosphofluoridate is a suicide inhibitor of AChE.